Urology and Urological Cancer Care

Urology assesses urinary-tract disorders in women and men and male reproductive health. MPGCARE coordinates medical records and consultations at Medical Park and Liv Hospital in Türkiye. Hospital physicians establish the diagnosis and determine treatment; pediatric urology or a specific reconstructive/oncology program must be confirmed separately.

The investigations below are selected according to symptoms, age, examination and existing results. They are not a compulsory package. Blood in urine or a new testicular lump deserves assessment even if painless.

Urinary, prostate and reproductive conditions

Condition	Symptoms and questions to discuss	Selected investigations and treatment approach
Kidney, ureter and bladder stones	Flank/groin pain, blood in urine or an incidental stone on imaging.	Urine and selected kidney-function tests, ultrasound or CT. Stone size, location, obstruction and infection guide observation, medicines, shockwave treatment or endoscopic/percutaneous procedures.
Urinary tract infections	Burning, urgency/frequency; fever or flank pain may suggest upper-tract infection.	Urinalysis and indicated urine culture; additional tests for recurrent/complicated infection. Antibiotic choice follows clinical findings and susceptibility where available.
Benign prostatic enlargement (BPH)	Weak stream, hesitancy, nocturia or incomplete emptying.	Symptoms/examination, urine tests and selected flow/residual measurements; PSA discussion when appropriate. Observation, medicines or a selected procedure depends on burden and complications.
Prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome	Pelvic discomfort, urinary symptoms or painful ejaculation; fever may indicate acute infection.	Clinical assessment, selected urine cultures and targeted tests. Bacterial infection and nonbacterial pelvic pain require different management; antibiotics are not a universal solution.
Urinary retention / neurogenic bladder	Difficulty emptying, overflow leakage or neurological disease affecting bladder function.	Residual-urine assessment, kidney/urine tests, selected imaging and urodynamics. Drainage and cause-specific care protect bladder/kidney function. Sudden painful inability to urinate is urgent.
Overactive bladder and urinary incontinence	Urgency, frequency or leakage with exertion, urgency or other patterns.	History, bladder diary, examination and urine tests; selected residual/urodynamic assessment. Bladder training, pelvic-floor care, medicines or procedures depend on the subtype.
Urethral stricture	Reduced stream, spraying or recurrent emptying problems, sometimes after injury/procedures.	Selected flow tests, cystoscopy and urethral imaging define the site/length. Endoscopic or reconstructive treatment is individualized; recurrence is possible.
Erectile dysfunction	Persistent difficulty obtaining/maintaining an erection, with medical or psychological contributing factors.	Medical/sexual history, examination and selected glucose, cardiovascular or hormone assessment. Medicines and other options require a safety review, especially with nitrate use.
Male infertility / selected varicocele assessment	Difficulty conceiving, abnormal semen results or a suspected clinical varicocele.	Semen analysis, repeated when indicated, examination and selected hormone/genetic or imaging tests. Both partners need assessment; a varicocele or abnormal result does not automatically require surgery.

Urological cancers and suspicious masses

Condition	Symptoms and records to discuss	Selected investigations and treatment approach
Prostate cancer	Abnormal clinical/PSA findings or an existing biopsy diagnosis; early disease may have no symptoms.	PSA/clinical risk review, selected MRI and indicated biopsy; staging based on risk. Surveillance, surgery, radiation or systemic care is discussed according to the case.
Bladder cancer	Blood in urine, sometimes urinary irritation, or a confirmed bladder tumor.	Selected urine studies/imaging and cystoscopy; resection/biopsy establishes tissue findings. Stage/grade determine surveillance, bladder-directed treatment or more extensive care.
Kidney cancer / renal mass	An incidental kidney mass or symptoms such as hematuria or flank discomfort.	Selected contrast CT/MRI, kidney function and staging; biopsy in selected cases. Surveillance, partial/total kidney surgery or other treatment depends on the mass and patient.
Testicular cancer	A new testicular lump, enlargement or heaviness.	Prompt examination, scrotal ultrasound, selected tumor markers and staging. Specialist surgery and pathology guide further care; discuss fertility preservation before treatment.

What should I send before an appointment?

Prepare symptom duration, prior operations, medicines/allergies and dated urine/culture, PSA, kidney-function or semen results. Include images/DICOM files and pathology reports for a suspected tumor. Mention blood thinners, heart medicines including nitrates, previous resistant infections, implants and pregnancy possibility. Use the receiving hospital’s secure submission channel.

Does an elevated PSA mean cancer?

No. PSA can increase for several reasons and must be interpreted with age, examination, infection/procedure history and previous values. The urologist decides whether repetition, MRI or biopsy is appropriate. A cancer diagnosis is not made from PSA alone. Discuss the advantages, limitations and possible consequences of testing.

Which stone or prostate procedure is suitable?

The urologist explains options based on anatomy, symptoms, infection, kidney function and other risks. Laser, endoscopic, laparoscopic or robotic treatment is not appropriate or available for everyone. Ask about alternatives, the chance of additional procedures and effects on urinary or sexual function. A particular device or technique does not guarantee recovery or prevent recurrence.

Before tests, anesthesia or surgery

Follow written instructions for sample collection, fasting, medicines and infection screening. Semen-test preparation differs from urine-test preparation; use the laboratory’s instructions. Do not stop blood thinners or other prescribed treatment independently. Report fever/new illness and confirm what procedure is planned and what may change after findings are reviewed.

Important catheter and ureteric-stent reminders

Ask whether a catheter/stent will be used, what symptoms to expect and who manages removal or exchange. Obtain the device details and a clear date/plan before returning home; a temporary stent must not be forgotten. Follow the prescribed care and activity instructions. Do not remove or manipulate a device yourself unless explicitly trained and instructed by the treating team.

After treatment and preventing recurrence

Follow individualized fluid, diet, lifting and activity advice; fluid targets may differ in heart/kidney disease. Report worsening pain, fever or troublesome bleeding. For recurrent stones, stone analysis and selected metabolic testing can guide prevention. Keep the planned urine-flow, imaging or cancer-surveillance reviews even if symptoms improve.

Fertility, sexual function and sensitive questions

Ask privately about potential effects of surgery, cancer treatment or medicines on erections, ejaculation, continence and fertility. Discuss sperm preservation before treatments that may affect fertility. The team may coordinate with fertility or oncology specialists. Treatment does not guarantee pregnancy or restoration of sexual function; both the patient’s goals and clinical findings matter.

When should I seek urgent local care?

Sudden severe testicular pain may be torsion and needs emergency assessment without delay. Painful inability to pass urine, fever/rigors with flank pain or obstruction, major bleeding/clots preventing urination, collapse or rapidly worsening illness also needs urgent care. After a procedure, follow the hospital’s emergency plan. Do not wait for an overseas appointment or routine transfer.

Questions about follow-up and costs

Request a written proposal for consultation, selected investigations, exact procedure, anesthesia, admission, devices and removal, medicines and follow-up. Clarify pathology and any staged/additional procedures, complications or extended stay. Obtain a discharge summary and agree a local clinician for results and device care. The treating team determines when travel is suitable.

Appointments and transfers

MPGCARE helps organize records and confirm the responsible specialist center and care scope. Complimentary Sarp–Trabzon and airport–hospital transfers can be coordinated where appropriate. Routine transport does not replace an ambulance or medically supervised transfer when needed.

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